Chemotherapeutic resistance and local recurrence or distant organ metastasis are the major causes of cancer mortality. Conventional cancer treatments do not consistently prevent cancer recurrence.,We illustrate the key roles that cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment-particularly the lymph node stromal microenvironment-play in tumor drug resistance, metastasis, and recurrence in 2 representative cancers: colorectal cancer and follicular lymphoma.,We believe that combination treatment with chemotherapeutic agents in conjunction with targeted therapies, such as stromal/cancer stem cell signaling-targeted therapy, may effectively minimize cancer recurrence.