GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase)

symbol:
GLUL
locus group:
protein-coding gene
location:
1q25.3
gene_family:
alias symbol:
None
alias name:
glutamine synthetase
entrez id:
2752
ensembl gene id:
ENSG00000135821
ucsc gene id:
uc001gpd.2
refseq accession:
NM_002065
hgnc_id:
HGNC:4341
approved reserved:
1988-11-30
1q25.3
基因染色体位置图

GLUL基因编码谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS),这是一种在氮代谢中起核心作用的酶,负责催化谷氨酸和氨合成谷氨酰胺。谷氨酰胺不仅是蛋白质合成的关键底物,也是核苷酸、氨基糖等重要分子的前体,并参与酸碱平衡和神经递质循环。该酶主要分布在肝脏、大脑(尤其是星形胶质细胞)、肌肉和肾脏中,其中大脑中的GS对清除神经兴奋性毒素氨至关重要,并维持谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环以调节神经传递。GLUL属于谷氨酰胺合成酶基因家族,该家族成员在不同物种中高度保守,均含有典型的ATP结合域和底物结合位点,通过类似的催化机制维持氮稳态。GLUL突变可能导致酶活性丧失,引发罕见但严重的谷氨酰胺合成酶缺乏症,表现为新生儿期高氨血症、脑病和癫痫发作,甚至致死。在阿尔茨海默病、肝性脑病和某些癌症中,GS表达异常常被观察到:过表达时(如肝癌)会促进肿瘤细胞利用谷氨酰胺进行能量代谢和增殖,而星形胶质细胞中GS降低可能导致神经毒性物质积累。研究还发现GS活性受转录调控(如通过NF-κB)、翻译后修饰(磷酸化)及底物可用性的多重影响。在基因互作方面,GLUL与SLC1A3(谷氨酸转运体)和GLUD1(谷氨酸脱氢酶)等功能相关基因形成代谢网络,其表达水平变化可能影响整个氮代谢通路。针对GS的抑制剂(如methionine sulfoximine)已被用于研究代谢重编程,而药物开发正探索其在神经保护或抗肿瘤中的应用潜力。

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

由该基因编码的蛋白质属于谷氨酰胺合成酶家族。它催化从谷氨酸和氨谷氨酰胺在ATP依赖性反应的合成。这种蛋白在氨和谷氨酸解毒,酸碱平衡,细胞信号传导和细胞增殖的作用。谷氨酰胺是一种丰富的氨基酸,并且是对的几个氨基酸,嘧啶和嘌呤的生物合成重要。在这种基因突变与先天性谷氨酰胺缺乏有关,并且一些原发性肝癌样品中观察到这种基因的过表达。有此基因六假染色体2,5,9,11中发现,并在多个转录变异体12选择性剪接的结果。 [由RefSeq的,2014年12月提供]

GLUL基因的碱基序列:[NCBI]
Loading Gene Browser...
GLUL基因的碱基突变:           仅显示部分snp
rs7734       rs8527       rs8762       rs9347       rs912900       rs912901       rs912902       rs1058094       rs1058111       rs1058719       rs1058744       rs1058788       rs1058806       rs2296519       rs2296520       rs2296521       rs2296522      

GLUL基因在不同组织中的表达:    [UniProt]

基因在不同组织中的表达图
正向引物序列
正向Tm值
反向引物序列
反向Tm值
评分
ATCGATGGTACTGGAGAAGG
58
ACTCAGGCAACTCTTCCAC
59
TGGTCTGAAGTACATCGAGG
59
CTCCCTTGGGATCATAGGC
59
GGTCTGAAGTACATCGAGGA
58
CTCCCTTGGGATCATAGGC
59
CGATGGTACTGGAGAAGGAC
59
CACTCAGGCAACTCTTCCA
59
GGTCTGAAGTACATCGAGGAG
59
CTCCCTTGGGATCATAGGC
59
TCGATGGTACTGGAGAAGGA
59
ACTCAGGCAACTCTTCCAC
59
      尚未收录相关数据

GLUL基因(以及对应的蛋白质)的细胞分布位置:

[UniProt]     [GenomeNet]

" d="M482.414,245.296c3.539,4.293,4.455,10.009,0.202,11 c-4.244,0.996-4.983-10.983-8.293-8.438c-5.271,4.08,9.834,12.271,5.144,17.287c-3.717,3.607-6.172-5.75-10.839-1.976 c-4.673,3.776,6.781,7.299,2.831,11.326c-4.354,4.045-6.979-1.449-9.837-5.517c-1.193-1.742-2.059-3.851-3.595-2.748 c-1.516,1.078-1.854,1.795-0.938,3.666c2.374,4.854,9.235,10.119,5.156,12.535c-5.636,3.346-5.044-8.871-9.426-7.574 c-4.388,1.291,2.557,10.66-1.245,11.141c-4.089,0.545-3.483-10.239-6.979-8.575c-2.522,1.206-0.929,3.071-0.938,4.899 c0.004,1.32-0.964,3.6-2.372,4.062c-3.593,1.171-8.544-1.065-10.251-3.59c-6.04-8.93,0.396-15.997,4.639-7.015 c3.023,4.642,5.182,0.834,2.839-2.219c-1.032-1.354-4.309-5.901-0.781-7.252c2.904-1.113,4.271,1.941,5.985,4.592 c2.61,4.016,5.485,0.117,3.031-3.414c-1.828-2.633-2.74-3.803,3.156-7.42c6.405-4.369,6.52,3.869,10.077,0.646 c2.309-1.832-4.783-5.149,0.06-8.995c2.896-2.293,5.18,6.207,7.961,3.516c3.523-2.737-7.717-7.369,0.117-11.736 C473.413,240.77,480.519,242.891,482.414,245.296z"/> Extracellular space Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi Apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion 0 1 2 3 4 5 Confidence
  • 质膜
  • 细胞质
  • 细胞外
  • 高尔基体
  • 囊泡
  • 细胞骨架
  • 内质网
  • 细胞核
  • 内体
  • 溶酶体
  • 线粒体

GLUL基因的本体(GO)信息:

GO库代码
对应的蛋白质
来源代码
GO:0004356
A0A087WYJ1 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0006542
A0A087WYJ1 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0000287
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0001504
P15104 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0004351
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0004356
P15104 (UniProtKB)
EXP
GO:0005515
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005524
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005634
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0005737
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0005739
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005791
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005829
P15104 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0006538
P15104 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0006542
P15104 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0008283
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0008652
P15104 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0009267
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0009749
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0016595
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0019676
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0030145
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0032024
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0042802
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0042802
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0042802
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0042802
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0043204
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0043209
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0043209
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0043234
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0043679
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0045503
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0050679
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0051260
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0051968
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0070062
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0070062
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0097386
P15104 (UniProtKB)
IEA

可能调控 GLUL基因的相关microRNA:     

Reactome

MINT

BioGrid

IntAct

mentha

String

基因与其他基因之间的相互作用关系图
序号 作用方式 资源库来源/分值 基因名称 基因名称
疾病名称 关系值 NofPmids NofSnps 来源
疾病名称 关系值 NofPmids NofSnps 来源
Glutamine deficiency, congenital 0.480271442 1 2 BeFree_CLINVAR_CTD_human_ORPHANET_UNIPROT
Obesity 0.2 2 0 CTD_human_RGD
Liver carcinoma 0.125438769 12 0 BeFree_CTD_human_LHGDN
Liver Neoplasms, Experimental 0.12 2 0 CTD_human
Hepatic Encephalopathy 0.12 1 0 CTD_human
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn 0.12 1 0 CTD_human
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe 0.080271442 2 0 BeFree_RGD
Seizures 0.080271442 2 0 BeFree_RGD
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced 0.08 1 0 RGD
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent 0.006243163 23 0 BeFree

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